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Background: The pattern of bacterial infection in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients differ worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the patterns of bacterial infections and the antibiotic resistance profile by VITEK 2 (bioMerieux, France) in the culture of blood samples from hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Due to the lack of effective monitoring of microbial spectrum of medical waste collection, transport, storage and transfer path, as well as the evaluation of disinfection effects in medical institutions, this study aimed to explore the microenvironment, prevention and control difficulties and management opinions of medical waste disposal path through the microbial analysis of the medical waste disposal path in model departments. METHODS According to the standard process, the environmental samples at different time periods before and after the disinfection of the medical waste disposal path in the model department were collected and analyzed. The drug resistance and molecular typing traceability of important pathogens were analyzed. And the dynamic effect of the whole path application of the disinfection scheme for medical waste disposal in the model department were evaluated. Efficient frequency and application effect of disinfection of and hygiene of relevant places and gloves were evaluated through environmental monitoring before and after disinfection. RESULTS Most of the isolated strains were environmental microorganisms, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were also isolated, and a multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strain was identified. Through typing and tracing the source, the multiple strains of A. Baumannii were found to be of different genetic origins and the two strains were from the same clonal line. Using original detection technology, no contamination of Salmonella and Shigella was found in the path. The new coronavirus and norovirus were not detected. However, the environmental pollution of rotavirus was obvious. CONCLUSION The risk of random transmission of rotavirus cannot completely solved by existing hand-sterilized regents. Timely or even frequent replacement of gloves is a simple solution in the workflow. The sterilized medical waste transfer vehicles are likely to become the pollution source of rotavirus after passing through a certain medical waste path. The medical waste disposal personnel should replace the rotating vehicle in time before entering other wards. In addition, due to the weak professional ability of cleaners, simple and easy process guidelines is the most effective solution at present.
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In order to highlight the impact of the pandemic phenomenon, especially on the wide use of antibiotics and biocides on bacterial communities, 3 Romanian interest regions were studied during 2019-2020. Every year, three wastewater sampling campaigns were organized from Covid-19 hospitals and WWTPs. The effluents were subjected to quantitative analysis for the determination of fecal coliform bacteria by the MPN (Most Probable Number) method using Colilert-18 medium (Idexx). The positive control (Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Citrobacter freundii ATCC 8090 and Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048) and the negative one (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) were tested. In the same time, a blank control with sterile distilled water was analyzed. Hospital effluents did not show high densities of coliform bacteria at the beginning of the pandemic, but the values of these indicators were high (an average of over 5x105 CFU/100mL) in the WWTP. With the evolution of the pandemic, the treatment plants have streamlined their treatment processes, so that by the end of 2019 the densities of coliform bacteria remained around 5x104 CFU/100mL. While in mid-2020 the density of coliform bacteria decreased in hospital effluents, an increase can be observed in WWTP. In conclusion, the inversely proportional distribution of the densities of coliform bacteria in the hospital compared to WWTP, could be explained by the action of biocides and antibiotics on the microorganisms in the hospital environment that determined their decrease in wastewater.